Contrary to the prediction of modernisation theory, Islam is a fast-growing religion in the world. Understanding of Islam and Muslim politics is increasingly becoming important for professional life of our graduates. This course examines challenges faced by Muslim communities around the world with a focus on Indonesia, the largest Muslim population country in the world. It introduces fundamental knowledge of Muslim religious beliefs and practices, and their historical development. It also explores the relations between Muslim communities and the state, and examines the challenging contexts in which Muslims have been placed to negotiate their identity and Islamic ideas.